2010-2015年广西青少年新发涂阳肺结核发现延误及对预后的影响

目的 研究广西青少年出现新发涂阳肺结核发现延误（就诊和确诊延误）情况及对疗效的影响,分析发现延误（就诊和确诊延误）的影响因素。方法 收集2010-2015年广西登记管理的10~19岁新发涂阳肺结核,对患者人口学特征、临床特点、不同延误水平指标、预后结果进行描述性分析和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 共收集到2 196例青少年新发涂阳肺结核患者,就诊延误时间中位数为36 d,确诊延误时间中位数为1 d。治愈2 122例,治愈率为96.6%。多因素分析结果显示,男性患者比女性患者就诊延误时间短,学生发生就诊延误时间较长的风险小于非学生患者。肺部有空洞患者就诊延误时间较长（OR=1.31,95% CI:1.10~1.57,P=0.002）。少数民族外地人口患者来源为转诊和追踪到位和肺部有空洞的患者发生确诊延误时间较长。治疗管理方式为全程督导和服药满6个月的患者治愈率更高。结论 广西青少年新发涂阳肺结核发现延误时间低于普通人群,治愈率高于国家规划指标要求。就诊延误与患者职业、肺部空洞有关,确诊延误与民族、患者来源及肺部空洞有关。     

乙肝病毒A1762、G1764双突变是筛选男性HBsAg携带者肝癌最高危人群的生物学标记

目的 探讨乙肝病毒A1762、G1764双突变是否可作为筛选HBsAg携带者肝癌最高危人群的生物学标记.方法 对2 258名乙肝病毒无症状携带者进行前瞻性队列研究,其中HBV A1762、G1764双突变株组1 261人,野毒株组997人,跟踪随访队列,每6个月1次对观察对象抽血进行甲胎蛋白(AFP)检测及B超体检以检...     

非新生儿破伤风诊疗规范

破伤风分为新生儿破伤风和非新生儿破伤风。我国已于2012年消除了新生儿破伤风,但非新生儿破伤风仍是一个严重的公共卫生问题。非新生儿破伤风重症患者在无医疗干预的情况下,病死率接近100%,即使经过积极的综合治疗,全球范围病死率仍为30%~50%,是一种极为严重的潜在致命性疾病。为规范我国非新生儿破伤风诊疗行为,提高医疗质量,保障医疗安全,特制定本规范。本规范包括了非新生儿破伤风的病原学、流行病学、发病机制、临床表现及实验室检查、诊断、鉴别诊断、分级、治疗等方面内容。     

Primary and booster vaccination with an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is immunogenic and well-tolerated in infants and toddlers in China

IntroductionReplacing live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) with inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) is part of the global strategy to eradicate poliomyelitis. China was declared polio-free in 2000 but continues to record cases of vaccine-associated-poliomyelitis and vaccine-derived-poliovirus outbreaks. Two pilot safety studies and two larger immunogenicity trials evaluated the non-inferiority of IPV (Poliorix™, GSK Vaccines, Belgium) versus OPV in infants and booster vaccination in toddlers primed with either IPV or OPV in China.MethodsIn pilot safety studies, 25 infants received 3-dose IPV primary vaccination (Study A, www.clinicaltrial.gov NCT00937404) and 25 received an IPV booster after priming with three OPV doses (Study B, NCT01021293). In the randomised, controlled immunogenicity and safety trial (Study C, NCT00920439), infants received 3-dose primary vaccination with IPV (N = 541) or OPV (N = 535) at 2,3,4 months of age, and a booster IPV dose at 18-24 months (N = 470, Study D, NCT01323647: extension of study C). Blood samples were collected before and one month post-dose-3 and booster. Reactogenicity was assessed using diary cards. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were captured throughout each study.ResultsStudy A and B showed that IPV priming and IPV boosting (after OPV) was safe. Study C: One month post-dose-3, all IPV and ≥98.3% OPV recipients had seroprotective antibody titres towards each poliovirus type. The immune response elicited by IPV was non-inferior to Chinese OPV. Seroprotective antibody titres persisted in ≥94.7% IPV and ≥96.1% OPV recipients at 18–24 months (Study D). IPV had a clinically acceptable safety profile in all studies. Grade 3 local and systemic reactions were uncommon. No SAEs were related to IPV administration.ConclusionTrivalent IPV is non-inferior to OPV in terms of seroprotection (in the Chinese vaccination schedule) in infant and toddlers, with a clinically acceptable safety profile.     

Timeliness,completeness, and timeliness-and-completeness of serial routine vaccinations among rural children in Southwest China: A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling survey

IntroductionVaccination coverage is widely used as metric of vaccination programme performance. However, VPDs outbreaks were reported in areas with high vaccination coverage. Timeliness and completeness have been considered more important assessment indicators of routine vaccination than overall vaccination coverage, but little is known in rural China. This study aimed to assess the timeliness and completeness of serial routine vaccinations among children in rural Southwest China.MethodsA multi-stage stratified cluster survey was conducted among 1062 children aged 18–48 months in rural Guangxi. Vaccination status was obtained from child’s vaccination certificate. We calculated timely vaccination coverage, complete vaccination coverage, timely-and-complete vaccination coverage and 95% CI for routine vaccination through weighted estimation analysis. Weighted Kaplan-Meier analyses were applied to estimate the median delay periods for each dose of serial routine vaccines, including one-dose BCG, three-dose HepB, three-dose OPV, four-dose DTP, two-dose MCV, two-dose JEV and two-dose MPV-A. Complete coverage, and timely-and-complete coverage for combined 5-vaccine series were calculated.ResultsFor each dose of routine vaccines, overall vaccination coverages were over 90%, but timely vaccination coverage ranged from the lowest of 44.4% for JEV1 to the highest of 92.5% for MPV-A1. For multi-dose routine vaccines, complete vaccination coverages varied from the lowest of 92.9% for MCV to the highest of 100% for HepB, and timely-and-complete vaccination coverages were lower than 80%, ranging from the lowest of 30% for JEV to the highest of 77.2% for MPV-A. For combined 5-vaccine series, complete coverage was 77%, while timely-and-complete coverage was 12.1%. MPV-A1 had the longest median delay of 176 days, but BCG and HepB1 had the shortest of 1 day.ConclusionsThe overall coverages of serial routine vaccinations were high, but the timeliness and completeness were poor. Relevant agencies of vaccination service should address timeliness-and-completeness into the assessment indicators of routine vaccination service quality.     

Homeopathic Agents or Vitamins in Reducing Ecchymosis after Oculofacial Surgery: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology

PurposeTo review the published literature to determine the efficacy and safety of homeopathic agents or vitamins in reducing ecchymosis after oculofacial surgery or laser surgery.MethodsA literature search was conducted in the PubMed database initially in December 2019 and updated in March 2020 to identify all studies in the English language literature on the use of homeopathic agents or vitamins in oculofacial procedures, including laser surgery. The search yielded 124 citations, and 11 articles met all inclusion criteria for this assessment. A panel methodologist then assigned a level of evidence rating for each study. Eleven studies met inclusion criteria; 9 were rated level I, and 2 were rated level III.ResultsThe agents studied in the articles identified included oral or topical Arnica montana (AM), oral Melilotus extract, topical vitamin K oxide, and topical AM combined with Rhododendron tomentosum. Metrics to describe ecchymosis varied. In 7 controlled studies, perioperative AM provided no or negligible benefit versus placebo. In 2 studies, vitamin K cream was equivalent to placebo. One study of oral Melilotus extract had less ecchymosis compared with controls in paranasal and eyelid ecchymosis at postoperative day (POD) 7, but not at PODs 1 and 4. A lone cohort study of combined topical AM and R. tomentosum lacked objective metrics and adequate controls. No serious side effects from administration of homeopathic agents or vitamins were identified.ConclusionsThe current literature does not support the use of AM, vitamin K oxide, R. tomentosum, or Melilotus extract for reducing ecchymosis after oculofacial surgery or pulsed dye laser surgery.     

A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗在C群流脑暴发中应急接种效果的研究

目的 报告A+C群脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗(A+C群MPV)在C群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)暴发疫情中应急接种的安全性、免疫原性和保护效果.方法 在2002年广西来宾市发生C群流脑局部暴发接种A群MPV人群中约6周后应急接种A+C群MPV,观察接种对象局部和全身反应.选择疫点人群71人和非疫点人群43人于应急接种前和接种后1个月采血,用ELISA检测脑膜炎球菌C群和A群多糖抗体IgG.随访接种人群流脑发病情况至免疫后5年.结果 A+C群MPV应急接种率为97%,接种后未观察到严重不良反应.疫点人群、非疫点人群、应急接种前C群抗体阴性者和阳性者的C群流脑抗体阳性率为97.67%～100%,几何平均浓度(GMC)为30.81～37.44 μg/ml,各组人群抗体水平差异无统计学意义.流脑罹患率在及时接种学校(218.58/10万)比不及时接种学校(705.72/10万)减少69.02%.接种人群随访15 760人年未发现流脑临床确诊病例.结论 国产A+C群MPV应急接种可成功扑灭C群流脑暴发疫情,与A群MPV仅间隔6周接种仍然安全,对易感人群可诱导产生高水平的特异性抗体,对已有抗体者可显著提高抗体水平,保护效果至少持续5年.     

Hepatitis B virus genotypes, phylogeny and occult infection in a region with a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in China

AIM: To determine the genotypes and phylogeny of hepatitis B viruses (HBVs) in asymptomatic HBV carriers, and the prevalence of occult HBV infection in Long An County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, an area with a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS. A nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used for detection of HBV DNA in serum samples from 36 blood donors with asympmatic HBV infection, and in serum samples from 52 HBsAg negative family members of the children who did not receive hepatitis B vaccination in Long An County. PCR products were sequenced, and the genotype of each HBV sequence was determined by comparison with sequences of known genotypes in the GenBank and EMBL nucleotide databases using the BLAST programme. Phylogenetic trees were constructed by the quartet maximum likelihood analysis using the TreePuzzle software. RESULTS: Twenty (55.56%) of 36 HBV asymptomatic carriers were positive for HBV DNA. They were all genotype C by comparison with sequences of known genotypes in the GenBank and EMBL nucleotide databases. The full-length HBV DNA sequence isolated from the sample No. 624 contained 3215 bases. No interesting mutations were found in this isolate. The homology analysis showed that this strain was closer to the Vietnamese HBV genotype C strain, with a homology of 97%, compared its relation to the same genotype of HBV isolated in Shanghai. Six (11.5%) of the 52 HBsAg negative family members were positive for HBV DNA. A point mutation was found in the sample No. 37, resulting in the substitution of amino acid glycine to arginine in the “a” determinant. Other samples with positive HBV DNA did not have any unusual amino acid substitutions in or around the “a” determinant, and were attributed to the wild-type HBV. CONCLUSION: The HBVs isolated from asymptomatic carriers of Long An County were all identified as genotype C, and the prevalence of occult HBV infection in the population of the county is as high as 11.5%. It is suggested that genotype C and persistent occult HBV infection may play an important role in the development of HCC in the county.